Table 3 Factors associated with non-adherence to inhalers among asthma patients (univariable and multivariable logistic regression models)
Variables | Non-adherence, n (%) | aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||
 18–30 | 140 (94.59) | 23.15 (3.67–146.08)* |
 31–40 | 103 (83.06) | 8.72 (1.62–46.85)* |
 > 40 | 66 (77.65) | 1 |
Sex | ||
 Male | 206 (88.79) | 1.06 (0.28–3.96) |
 Female | 103 (82.40) | 1 |
Residence | ||
 Rural | 131 (97.04) | 23.28 (2.43–222.66)* |
 Urban | 178 (80.18) | 1 |
Schooling year | ||
 ≤5 | 62 (91.18) | 5.69 (1.27–25.44)* |
 6–10 | 101 (84.87) | 2.76 (0.69–11.08) |
 > 10 | 146 (85.88) | 1 |
Family income | ||
 Low (<BDT 15000) | 155 (79.08) | 1 |
 Middle (BDT 15000 to 30,000) | 134 (97.10) | 9.74 (2.11–44.93)* |
 High (>BDT 30000) | 20 (86.96) | 3.57 (0.17–74.68) |
Smoking | ||
 Yes | 43 (78.18) | 0.51 (0.10–2.61) |
 No | 266 (88.08) | 1 |
Comorbidity | ||
 Yes | 42 (84.00) | 12.91 (1.41–117.61)* |
 No | 267 (86.97) | 1 |
Number of inhaler | ||
 Single | 251 (88.38) | 0.92 (0.26–3.24) |
 Multiple | 58 (79.45) | 1 |
Device | ||
 MDI only | 233 (86.30) | 0.56 (0.14–2.22) |
 MDI + Spacer | 43 (93.48) | 2.81 (0.11–68.68) |
 DPI | 33 (80.49) | 1 |
Duration of inhaler usage (years) | ||
 ≤5 | 197 (81.74) | 1 |
 > 5 | 112 (96.55) | 5.69 (1.22–26.49)* |
Primary care seeking behavior | ||
 Non-qualified practitioner | 160 (96.39) | 13.09 (3.10–55.26)* |
 Qualified physician | 149 (78.01) | 1 |
Demonstration of inhaler using technique | ||
 No | 117 (92.13) | 1.32 (0.32–5.39) |
 Yes | 192 (83.48) | 1 |
Difficulty of using inhaler | ||
 Very difficult | 26 (92.86) | 5.56 (0.73–42.27) |
 Somewhat difficult | 169 (94.94) | 10.56 (2.95–37.73)* |
 Easy | 114 (75.50) | 1 |
Self-reported efficacy of inhaler | ||
 Effective | 154 (86.52) | 2.64 (0.36–19.51) |
 Somewhat effective | 138 (87.34) | 2.79 (0.35–22.36) |
 Not effective | 17 (80.95) | 1 |
Critical error | ||
 Yes | 256 (91.76) | 1.49 (0.45–5.00) |
 No | 53 (67.95) | 1 |