Table 1 Participant characteristics among children with and without asthma

Lives in Pampas de San Juan, n (%)

374 (55.7)

258 (51.0)

0.11

 Total 25(OH)D (ng/ml), mean (SD)

25.2 (10.1)

26.1 (13.7)

0.28

 Age in years, mean (SD)

13.9 (2.65)

14.0 (2.77)

0.43

 n, (%) boys

234 (56.7)

238 (50.5)

0.07

 Height in cm, mean (SD)

150.9 (12.0)

151.0 (12.0)

0.99

 BMI in kg/m², mean (SD)

22.2 (4.23)

21.7 (4.07)

0.03

 BMI-for-age z-score, mean (SD)

1.03 (1.2)

0.83 (1.1)

0.01

 Maternal education ≥ 6 years

274 (71.0)

269 (60.5)

0.001

 6 or more household members

200 (51.6)

232 (51.6)

0.99

 SES Score

0.243 (1.68)

−0.183 (1.66)

<0.001

 Current smoker

6 (1.8)

10 (2.4)

0.56

 Pre-BD FEV₁ z-score, mean (SD)

1.08 (1.40)

1.55 (1.16)

<0.001

 Pre-BD FVC z-score, mean (SD)

1.48 (1.41)

1.34 (1.21)

0.69

 Pre-BD FEV₁/FVC z-score, mean (SD)

−0.355 (−1.16)

0.413 (0.837)

<0.001

 Either parent with history of physician-diagnosed asthma, n (%)

98 (25.7)

48 (11.1)

<0.001

 Atopy, n (%)

488 (62.3)

315 (78.2)

<0.001

 Pollen allergy (self-report), n (%)

38 (9.79)

11 (2.51)

<0.001

 Animal dander allergy (self-report), n (%)

107 (27.6)

30 (6.73)

<0.001

 Ever having allergic rhinitis (self-report), n (%)

291 (75.2)

171 (38.0)

<0.001

 Either parent with history of allergic rhinitis (self-report), n (%)

124 (32.6)

88 (20.2)

<0.001

 Ever having eczema (self-report), n (%)

53 (13.7)

28 (6.25)

<0.001

 Either parent with history of eczema (self-report), n (%)

12 (3.15)

13 (3.00)

0.90

 Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in ppb, mean(SD)

34.3 (32.9)

20.0 (21.4)

<0.001

 January–March

102 (24.7)

89 (18.9)

<0.001

 April–June

13 (3.15)

9 (1.91)

 July–September

73 (17.7)

4 (0.85)

 October–December

225 (54.5)

369 (78.3)

 Vitamin-D rich oily fish

0.13 (0.15)

0.13 (0.16)

0.89

 Vitamin-D fortified milk

0.55 (0.54)

0.54 (0.62)

0.77