From: Asthma and obesity: mechanisms and clinical implications
Mechanical or physiologic effects | Lung function | • Restriction or reduced total lung capacity and decreased expiratory reserve volume |
• Ventilation and perfusion mismatch | ||
Airways Changes | • Bronchial hyperresponsiveness | |
• Loss of beep breath induced bronchodilation | ||
• Reduced exhaled NO (certain phenotypes) | ||
Immune and metabolic effects | Immune function | • Decreased airway eosinophils (lumen, sputum) |
• Increased airway neutrophils | ||
• Predominately Th-1 related inflammation versus Th-2 | ||
• Potential IL-17 related inflammation | ||
• Enhanced inflammatory/oxidative response to elevated leptin levels | ||
Metabolic function | • Higher plasma and airway leptin levels with reduced airway leptin receptors | |
• Leptin receptors in visceral fat and relationship with bronchial hyperresponsiveness | ||
• Leptin may increase oxidative stress levels | ||
• Effect of adiponectin remains unclear | ||
• Lower L-arginine/ADMA ratio and increase in oxidative stress resulting in an impaired bronchial dilatory response |